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Background: There is controversy over whether or not HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy contribute to early atherosclerosis. Ultrasonographic evaluation of carotid intima-media thickness is considered as a reliable surrogate marker of subclinical atherosclerosis and may be employed in the setting of a cardiovascular risk assessment in HIV- infected patients. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study evaluating classical risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, parameters of HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy and subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-positive subjects naive or treated with antiret- roviral agents was performed. The enrolled patients underwent ultrasonography of the epi-aortic vessels using a Philips HDI 5000 power color-Doppler with 7.5-MHz probes. The 10-year risk of coronary heart disease was calculated by the Framingham equation. Results: A total of 27 patients (19 males and 8 females; mean age 44 + 13 years; range 32-59 years) was enrolled in the study: 11 subjects were naive to all antiretroviral agents (group A) and 16 patients were treated with antiretroviral therapy for >36 months (group B). Mean duration of known HIV infection was significantly longer in group B than in group A, such as frequency of dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy syndrome. Prevalence of carotid plaques was significantly higher in group B than in group A (43.7% versus 0; p=0.012). In group B, patients with intermediate to high 10-year risk of coro- nary heart disease (>10%) showed a significantly higher intima-media thickness and prevalence of carotid lesions than those with low risk (<10%). Moreover, carotid plaques presented structural features comparable to those of classical athe- rosclerotic plaques observed in general population, with iso-hyperechonegic aspects and irregular surfaces. Conclusions: Prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis is higher in HIV-infected patients previously treated with antiretrovi- rals than in those naive to antiretroviral therapy and seems mostly associated with a longer duration of HIV infection, more severe lipid metabolism alterations, presence of lipodystrophy syndrome, and a more elevated 10-year risk of car- diovascular diseases.

the open drug safety journal

HIV Disease, Antiretroviral Therapy Safety and the Cardiovascular System. Clinical-Instrumental Assessment of Antiretroviral-Nave Versus Subjects Already Treated with Antiretroviral Agents