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Long-term wind and turbulence profiles were analyzed for all stability conditions at three tall, multi-level tow- ers located at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Rocky Flats Environmental Plant (RF), and the Boulder At- mospheric Observatory (BAO). The LANL and RF sites are located in complex terrain and the BAO is located over rela- tively simple terrain, but within 3 to 5 km of an abrupt 20 to 30 m increase in terrain. Results indicate that normalized tur- bulence parameter profiles at all three sites agree well with widely used empirical relationships during unstable condi- tions. During near neutral conditions,  u parameter profiles are also well behaved at all three sites while  w increases with height for complex fetch (BAO downwind of bluff, LANL, and RF) while  w remains nearly constant up to 200 m AGL at BAO with simple fetch. The  w /u* values at 10-m AGL are close to one at all sites and they increase by an order of 50% in the lowest 60 to 200 m for complex fetch and remain approximately constant in the lowest 200 m with simple fetch. During very stable conditions, typical values of u and  v range between 0.4 to 0.6 ms -1 and increase slightly with height while median  w values nearly double from about 0.1 to 0.2 ms -1 between the 10- and 100 to 200-m levels. A comparison of predicted with measured u* values at two of the sites shows generally good agreement over 6 stability cate- gories. It is suggested that M-O similarity theory will usually greatly underestimate vertical diffusivity and dispersion dur- ing very stable conditions, especially at larger heights, based on idealized Kz profiles calculated from measured  w val- ues. Finally, rules of thumb are formulated to describe departure from similarity theory during near-neutral and stable conditions.

Analysis of Turbulence Profiles from Three Tall Towers: Departure from Similarity Theory in Near-Neutral and Stable Conditions