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Functional development of affective and reward circuits, cognition andresponse inhibition later in life exhibits vulnerability periods duringgestation and early childhood. Extensive evidence supports the model thatexposure to stressors in the gestational period and early postnatal lifeincreases an individual's susceptibility to future impairments of functionaldevelopment. Recent versions of this model integrate epigenetic mechanisms ofthe developmental response. Their understanding will guide the future treatmentof the associated neuropsychiatric disorders. A combination of non-invasivelyobtainable physiological signals and epigenetic biomarkers related to theprincipal systems of the stress response, the Hypothalamic-Pituitary axis (HPA)and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), are emerging as the key predictors ofneurodevelopmental outcomes. Such electrophysiological and epigeneticbiomarkers can prove to timely identify children benefiting most from earlyintervention programs. Such programs should ameliorate future disorders inotherwise apparently healthy children. The recently developed EarlyFamily-Centered Intervention Programs aim to influence the care and stimuliprovided daily by the family and improving parent/child attachment, a keyelement for healthy socio-emotional adult life. Although frequentlyunderestimated, such biomarker-guided early intervention strategy represents acrucial first step in the prevention of future neuropsychiatric problems and inreducing their personal and societal impact.

Early Biomarkers and Intervention Programs for the Infant Exposed to Prenatal Stress