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Apparatus to Detect Stable Fractional Charges on Matter Roland Vanderspek Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California 94720 1. Introduction In the early years of this century, Millikan demonstrated that the electric charges on tiny droplets of oil were quantized. With this discovery he confirmed that matter was made up of particles charged with integral-multiples of a basic charge unit c=4.80x10 ' esu. In the mid- 60's Ciell-Mann and Zweig proposed a theory of hadron structure based on three types of quarks, objects which are most easily interpreted as particles with charges of ± - c or ±-r<'- Later experiments bore out the theory by showing that hadrons appear to be composed of point-like fractionally-charged particles. One question raised by these results is that of the existence of an isolated quark in nature. There have been many searches for fractionally- charged particles produced in high-energy accelerator reactions and in even higher-energy cosmic-ray events, but they have yielded no positive results.' If quarks exist at all in isolation, there is reason to believe that they will be found in some concentration in the Earth's crust. The quarks would most likely be the result of some super-high-energy cosmic-ray event or the relics of some early stage of the formation of the universe. Many searches for isolated quarks on stable matter have been undertaken, again with no positive results.- The total amount of matter examined directly in the searches to dale is a few nv'.ligrams. An apparatus is described here which will analyze matter for stable fractional charges in quantities ranging around one gram. A rate of mass-analysis of 10 '' a I sec and an ultimate sensitivity of \0' expected. 2A per nucleon are 2. Theory of Apparatus The apparatus analyzes the charges of a series of droplets by measuring their deflection in falling through a horizontal static electric field. The force on a droplet is F Iq ,x ,7.neighbors J= nig+at (x)—mvr (x )+p-V /:+£T-V where q—charge on droplet 7 = velocity of droplet B+F , . ml Mhlls

Apparatus to detect stable fractional charges on matter