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The u s e s of p o s i t i v e i o n a c c e l e r a t o r s and n e u t r o n s o u r c e s for m a t e r i a l e v a l u a t i o n and a n a l y s i s a r e d e s c r i b e d in t e r m s of b a s i c e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s ob t a ined on a v a r i e t y of p r o b l e m s . S u r f a c e and v o l u m e a c t i v a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s a r e a p p r a i s e d f rom da t a a s wel l a s f r om t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . P r o b l e m s of n e u t r o n and r a d i o a c t i v i t y d e t e c t i o n a r e d i s c u s s e d f rom the v i ewpo in t of r e d u c t i o n to p r a c t i c e in the i n d u s t r i a l l a b o r a t o r y . I n t r o d u c t i o n T h e t e c h n i q u e of a c t i v a t i n g m a t e r i a l s by n e u t r o n s or h i g h v e l o c i t y ions h a s b r o a d a p p l i c a t i o n in r e s e a r c h and i n d u s t r y . Much of the o r i g i n a l r e p o r t e d w o r k h a s b e e n c o n c e r n e d with d e t a i l e d c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s and the d e t e c t i o n of t r a c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . T h i s e m p h a s i s a r o s e f r o m the i m p r e s s ive r e s u l t s wi th power fu l n u c l e a r r e a c t o r n e u t r o n f luxes tha t y ie ld e x t r e m e l y fine s e n s i t i v i t i e s for m a n y i s o t o p e s . A s the a c t i v a t i o n m e t h o d h a s b e c o m e b e t t e r u n d e r s t o o d , i t s s c o p e of a p p l i c a t i o n h a s gone f u r t h e r than m e r e l y c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s . M o d e r n i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n and a p p a r a t u s have r e d u c e d the t echn ique to l a b o r a t o r y p r a c t i c e a t c o s t s tha t a r e c o m p a t i b l e with t h o s e of o the r a n a l y t i c a l S c i e n t i f ic i n s t r u m e n t s . P a r t i c l e a c c e l e r a t o r s can now p r o v i d e a wide s e l e c t i o n of n e u t r o n e n e r g i e s and f l u x e s , a s wel l a s a v a r i e t y of e n e r g e t i c p o s i t i v e i o n s , for m e t a l l u r g i c a l , c h e m i c a l , b i o l o g i c a l , and i n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s s c o n t r o l p u r p o s e s . It i s now p r a c t i c a l to i n v e s t i g a t e no t only c h e m i c a l con ten t and t r a c e c o n s t i t u e n t s , but a l s o the cond i t ion of s u r f a c e s , the c o m p o s i t i o n and con f i gu ra t i on of c r y s t a l and g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s , and the g e n e r a l so l id s t a t e of m a t t e r . T h i s p a p e r d e s c r i b e s t y p i c a l a p p a r a t u s of va lue in s u c h p r o g r a m s , a s wel l a s a few i m p o r t a n t t e c h n i q u e s and a s a m p l i n g of p r o v o c a t i v e a p p l i ca t i ons .

SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON PHYSICS AND NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING, HELD AT ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY OCTOBER 3-5, 1961