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Vacuum flow of hydrogen, helium, air, carbon dioxide, and Freon-12 was measured in copper channels. These channels included a circular section with a 3.64-cm radius, two annular sections formed by inserting cores of 1.905-cm and 3-174-cm radii into the circular section, respectively, and a rectangular section 0.324 em by 22.86 em. In each section the flow was found to approach the molecular-flow limit with decreasing pressure, but the degree of approach depended on the cross section. When the molecularflow equation was given in terms of the Barrett and Bosanquet geometric factor, K, the degree of approach became poorer as K increased. The data approached the slip-flow limit with increasing pressure in all the channels. The experimental data were fitted over the entire range with empirical equations of the form where QL is the laminar flow term, and X/~ the Knudsen number. The data from the rectangular section were fitted with c1 = 1.23 and c2 = 0.3. A general empirical equation for annular and circular sections was obtained when we set c1 = 0.275 + 1.27b/a and c2 = 0.4.

VACUUM FLOW OF GASES THROUGH CHANNELS WITH CIRCULAR, ANNULAR, AND RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTIONS (thesis)