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Halos in high energy particle beams require constant monitoring to minimise beam losses and damage to accelerator components. Four methods of measuring halos are described: wire scanner, laser wire scanner, diamond detector and halo masking monitors. Details of their effectiveness’ from tests at various accelerators are used to evaluate how useful they are. It is found that methods making use of wire and laser wire scanners are unable to achieve a high enough dynamic range to measure the outer halo, where the intensity of particles is very low. Diamond detectors can be used to determine the presence of a halo, but are unable to reconstruct their shape. The halo masking method, which makes use of a digital micromirror device to block out high intensity light, produces very good results, but it is possible that light is scattered inside the phosphor screen used to produce an image from the beam, skewing the measurements.

A review of various methods of detecting and measuring beam halos