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Groundwater vulnerability assessment is an important task in water resources and land management. Depending on the availability of data and the complexity of the hydrogeological conditions, different approaches can be adopted. As an alternative, this study involves the use of a combined approach based on vulnerability methods and advective particle tracking to better understand the susceptibility to contamination in the Toluca valley aquifer. An intrinsic vulnerability map (DRASTIC) was used to identify areas that are more susceptible to ground water contamination. To estimate advective particle tracking, we developed a 3D flow model using VisualModflow and MODPATH to describe the regional flow of groundwater. The vulnerability map demonstrates the problematic application and interpretation of qualitative the vulnerability method of the parametric system group, which indicates a difference of approximately 23% when compared with the modified vulnerability map. Potential contamination sources based on landfill sites were comparatively high; approximately 76% are located in areas that could be susceptible to contamination through vertical infiltration, especially those that are located along the Lerma system of wells. Industrial parks located in the centre of the valley (83%), where continuous extraction of groundwater and land subsidence occurs, have been classified as high vulnerability zones, increasing the risk of contaminants from surface sources reaching the groundwater. In order to understand the susceptibility to contamination in the aquifer, various delineation approaches should be adopted and all the results that validate each other should be considered, thus making a good strategy for implementing different degrees of protection measures. Resumen La estimacion de la vulnerabilidad del agua subterranea es una tarea importante en la administracion de los recursos hidricos, que depende de la disponibilidad de datos y complejidad de las condiciones hidrogeolo- gicas. Este estudio, que integra el uso de un enfoque combinado basado en un metodo de vulnerabilidad (DRASTIC) y el transporte advectivo, permite comprender mejor la susceptibilidad a la contaminacion en el acuifero de Toluca. Para estimar el transporte advectivo y el flujo regional del agua subterranea se ha desarrollado un modelo en 3D usando VisualModflow y MODPATH. El mapa de vulnerabilidad demuestra que la aplicacion e interpretacion del metodo parametrico es problematica, presentando una diferencia aproximada del 23% si este es comparado con el mapa modificado de vulnerabilidad. La vulnerabilidad a la contaminacion de los vertederos de residuos solidos es relativamente alta; aproximadamente el 76% estan localizados en areas que pueden ser susceptibles a la contaminacion a traves de la infiltracion vertical, especialmente aquellos que estan ubicados a lo largo del sistema Lerma. Los parques industriales, donde ocurre una extraccion continua de agua subterranea y subsidencia del terreno, han sido clasificados como zonas de vulnerabilidad alta, incrementando el riesgo de contaminacion de fuentes superficiales que podrian alcanzar el agua subterranea. Con el objeto de entender la susceptibilidad a la contaminacion en el acuifero, varios enfoques de vulnerabilidad deben ser adoptados y todos los resultados que permitan una validacion entre ellos deben ser considerados, constituyendo una buena estrategia en la definicion de diferentes niveles y medidas de proteccion.

Estimación de la vulnerabilidad del acuífero del valle de Toluca mediante la combinación de un método paramétrico y el transporte advectivo