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A 66-year-old woman who had undergone one year's treatment for pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease due to Mycobacterium avium (rifampicin, ethambutol, clarithromycin, streptomycin--&gt;levofloxacin) five years earlier was admitted to our hospital because of continuous fever and a newly detected abnormal chest shadow, which was like a fungus ball in the right upper lobe on chest computed tomography in the giant cavitary lesion caused by pulmonary Mycobacterium-avium complex (MAC) disease. A diagnosis of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA) complicated by pulmonary MAC disease was made because Aspergillus niger was isolated from several sputum specimens, anti-aspergillus antibody was positive, and clinical symptoms such as fever, were disclosed with the radiological finding of a fungus ball-like shadow and an infiltration shadow around the cavity. The patient had received various forms of antifungal chemotherapy, but the clinical effect had been poor. Since then, she had been slowly worsening. Although mycetomas, with the typical appearance of a fungus ball on a chest radiograph, have been reported to easily form in cavitary lesions caused by previous pulmonary tuberculosis, we believe, as illustrated by the present case, that they could also form in such lesions caused by pulmonary MAC disease, since the frequency of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease has recently been increasing in comparison with that of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Chronic Necrotizing Pulmonary Aspergillosis Complicated by a Cavitary Lesion Caused by Pulmonary Mycobacterium-avium Complex Disease