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Throughout the world, the generation of wastes is increasing in quantity and diversity at a rapid rate. Effective and efficient methods must be developed to correctly dispose and recycle the wastes produced. It is also necessary to reduce the non-renewable resources used and lower the impact on our environment. In 2017, over 13.5 million square meters of tiles were produced globally, and the demand for ceramic tiles has escalated along with social development. There has been an increasing incentive to recycle waste materials in ceramic tiles due to the high heterogeneity of the raw materials, and the matrix for creating ceramics being flexibly interchangeable. The objective of this paper is to review and discuss the various recycling options of waste materials in the production of ceramic tiles. Past experimentation includes the addition of glass, coal ash, municipal solid waste ash, sewage sludge, and mining and ore wastes in ceramic tiles. They were used as an additive or substitute for the key components of the ceramic tiles. The results show a general enhancement to the physical and mechanical properties of the tiles with minor adverse effects on the aesthetics. Furthermore, when recycled with toxic wastes, the heavy metals were found to be immobilised during the firing process of the tiles. Therefore, the addition of wastes in tiles offers a sustainable solution to a growing pollution problem, in addition to decreasing the consumption of natural resources utilised in the manufacturing of tiles. However, further research and developments are essential.

POSSIBLE RECYCLING OPTIONS OF WASTE MATERIALS IN MANUFACTURING CERAMIC TILES