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The paper considers factors that determine the oxygen balance in extreme climate waste stabilisation ponds during the critical spring warm-up period. At this time BOD load on the pond is a maximum, due to accumulation of wastewater under the ice during the winter. The paper describes the operation of a typical cold climate WSP and the events leading to a balanced steady state system as spring develops into summer. A mathematical model to simulate conditions within a batch fed experimental pond over the transient period is described. To model temperature changes in the water body experimental data were fitted to a generalised equation based on diurnal fluctuations in air temperature. The results are plotted in a normalised form and show the diurnal fluctuation and time lapse as the depth of the pond increases. Maximum daily water temperature lags behind maximum light intensity. Bacterial growth is simulated by a Monod kinetic model in which growth rate depends on initial substrate concentration; temperature compensation is applied using a temperature activity coefficient. Oxygen utilisation is calculated from substrate removal. Algal growth rate is more complicated as it is affected by temperature and light availability. Algal oxygen production potential is considered in terms of its primary metabolite yield, which is then used in a Monod equation to estimate the growth rate. The model uses a mass balance approach to determine dissolved oxygen concentration in the pond. The model is still in a simple form but shows reasonable agreement, in terms of events and time lapses, to measured parameters in experimental ponds recovering from ice cover.

A computer simulation of the oxygen balance in a cold climate winter storage WSP during the critical spring warm-up period