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Community management is the accepted management model for rural water supplies in many low and middleincomecountries. However, endemic problems in the sustainability and scalability of this model are leading manyto conclude we have reached the limits of an approach that is too reliant on voluntarism and informality. Acceptingthis criticism but recognising that many cases of success have been reported over the past 30 years, this studysystematically reviews and analyses the development pattern of 174 successful community management casestudies. The synthesis confirms the premise that for community management to be sustained at scale, communityinstitutions need a ‘plus’ that includes long-term external support, with the majority of high performing casesinvolving financial support, technical advice and managerial advice. Internal community characteristics werealso found to be influential in terms of success, including collective initiative, strong leadership and institutionaltransparency. Through a meta-analysis of success in different regions, the paper also indicates an important findingon the direct relationship between success and the prevailing socio-economic wealth in a society. This holds implicationsfor policy and programme design with a need to consider how broad structural conditions may dictate therelative success of different forms of community management

A systematic review of success factors in the community management of rural water supplies over the past 30 years