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Misch in 1988, has classified the types of bone based on macroscopic picture onto: D1: Compact cortical bone, D2: thick compact to porous cortical bone on the crest and coarse trabecular bone, D3: thin porous cortical bone on crest fine trabecular bone, D4: fine trabecular bone, D5: immature, non-mineralized bone[3]. Later on, several clinical trials have recognized succeeded dental implants in mandible rather than maxilla which can be ought to the higher quality of bone found in the compact bone[2, 4 5]. Moreover, poor quality and quantity of bone are the main risk factors for early implant failure. As bone resorption and impaired healing process may be the main cause[6 7]. During the last few decades, resonance frequency analysis and peak insertion torque have been considered as the ideal methods of evaluating the primary and secondary stability. By achieving more primary stability, more initial bone-to-implant contact percentage (BIC %) will be gained[8 9]. Ottoni et al reported that 20 % increase of survival rate of each implant with each 9.8 Ncm additional torque[10]. Thereafter, several studies have been proposed to evaluate the Osstell device as a method of measuring the resonance frequency analysis. These studies have correlated the resulted resonance frequency analytical values with the histomorphometric analysis of the bone implant contact percentage which can aid in monitoring the bone healing process without intervention[1].

The Effect of Osseodensification Technique on Primary Stability of Dental Implants