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The grinding process of agricultural wastes is important process to produce pre-materials for many uses. The aim of this study was develop and evaluate the grinding machine performance suitable for mango kernels as hard wastes. The average of mango kernel per pulp ratio was about 74.5%. The main dimensions were 53.88±7.43, 20.42±3.21 and 10.98±1.89 mm at length, width and thickness, respectively, The spherisity was (75.5±20.39 %), geometric (4.1±1.25mm) and arithmetic (28.43±3.01mm) diameters, surface area (56.9±34.3mm 2 ), coefficient of frictions on galvanized, iron black painted and iron sheet were about 0.649, 0.577 and 0.675 respectively, hardness (444.64±118.24N) and shear strength (224.62±98.65N). The studied factories include feeding quantity "F" of 10, 15 and 20kg, drum speeds "S" at 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 rpm (28.26, 37.68, 47.10 and 56.52 m/s) and knives number "N" of 24, 36 and 48 knives. The grinding machine performance was estimated by determine the product quality (grinding residual distribution and mean weight diameters "MWD") and the machine performance (machine productivity, power consumed and energy requirement). From the obtained results it can be concluded that the grinding machine can be manufactured and used to grinding the local mango kernel at the feeding quantity of 20 kg, drum speed of 2000 rpm and knives number of 36 to obtain the homogeneous size distribution with less "CV" of 4.3, 11.22 and 12.26% respectively and at these studied parameters the MWD machine productivity, power consumed and specific energy requirement are 1.309mm, 2.94Mg/h, 3.60kW and 1.22kW.h/Mg respectively. The developed grinding machine which manufacture from a locally materials can be tested to grind many solid wastes to increase the developed grinding machine reliability. 1 Prof, Agric. Eng. Dep., Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ. Egypt. 2 Assoc. Prof. Agric. Eng., Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ. Egypt. 3 Chief Res, Tech. Trans. Res. Dep., (AENRI) Ministry of Agriculture. 4 Agric. Eng., Tech. Trans. Dep., (AENRI) Ministry of Agriculture Misr J. Ag. Eng., 30 (4): 925 944 FARM MACHINERY AND POWER Misr J. Ag. Eng., October 2013 926 INTRODUCTION rinding process is one of the basic operations dealing with agricultural wastes to reduce the volume of waste in order to facilitate trading, transportation and manufacturing process for processes for preparation of the product. El-Dorghamy (2010) estimated that the amount of agricultural waste in Egypt ranges from 30 to 35 million tons. Some of the agricultural waste is used as animal fodder, wood manufactured and biogas production. Campbell (2007) said that the quantity of crop residues in Egypt was 40 million ton/year, beside 8 million ton/year of horticultural according to the statistical survey of the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture (2012). Egypt produces about 534.434 tons of mangoes annually (Central Administration for orchards and crops 2010).which yield about 240 thousand tons of seeds. Soong and Barlw (2006), Maisuthisakul and Gordon (2009) and Kim et al. (2010) reported that the mango seed represents from 20% to 60% of the whole fruit weight, depending on the mango variety and the kernel inside the seed which represents from 45% to 75% of the whole seed. In the food processing industry, considerable quantity of seed is discarded as waste, after the extraction of mango pulp. Mango seed kernel is a good source of phenolic antioxidants, metal chelators and tyrosinase inhibitors. Mahmoued (2005) analyzed the seed kernels of mango (Mangifera indica local variety) and reported that the seed kernels contained 12% moisture, 4.1% protein, 7.6% lipid, 75.5% carbohydrate, 10.3% crude fiber, 2.5% ash , 0.3% tannins. of K (16.8), Na (7.6), Ca (3.5), P (0.30) mg/100g.The advantage of mango kernels can be used as sweets flavor (Ashoush and Gad-Alla, 2011), poultry feed (Diarra, et al., 2011), and ruminants feed (Aregheor, 1998) and silage (Naveen, et al., 2006). The all uses of mango kernels should change it to particles by grinding or crushing machine. Hall and Davis (1979) classified mill equipments which for mango kernel size reduction into four types: Hammer mill, burr mill, combination mill and roller mill .Hammer mill consists of fixed or swinging hammers mounted on rotating shaft, screen and fan. These hammers are 2.5 to 7.5 cm (1 to 3 in) apart and rotate at 2500 to 4000 rpm depending on the diameter of hammers. Aly and Dimian (1988) and El-Hadidi et al. (1997) reported that power requirement and milling G FARM MACHINERY AND POWER Misr J. Ag. Eng., October 2013 927 capacity are affected by material, moisture content, fineness of grinding, rate of feed and type mill. They added that hammer mill reduces the size by impact, while burr (plate) mill reduces the size by crushing and shear forces. They concluded that no significant differences were found between mills with respect to fineness degree while Medium fineness degree of (3.0 – 4.2 mm) was increased using burr mill and hammer mill compared with other types of mills. Deaton et al. (1989) used hammer mill with a fullcircle screen with 4.8 mm round hole. It was operated by a 14.9 kW. motor rotated at approximately 3450 rpm. The particle size for corn processing with the hammer mill ranged from 0.81 to 0.87 mm. El-Ashhab et al. (2003) used a swinging hammer mill for grinding corn, horse bean and date stones for feed ration.They found that energy required to grind one ton corn grains at 4000 rpm was duplicated when replacing the screen hole diameter 7.5 mm with another one 3.6 mm .SciTech Dictionary (2003) mentioned that conventional hammer mill is a device consisting of a rotating head with free-swinging hammers, which reduce rock, grains or similarly hard objects to a predetermined size through a perforated screen. Hammer mills are widely utilized in the agricultural, wood, mining and chemical industries. FAO (2006) reported that the Hammer mills are very common throughout Africa. As the name implies, hammers in the mill grind grains through impact. A hammer mill consists of a large cylinder with a horizontal shaft that drives a rotor with several rows of free-swinging hammers. The hammers rotate inside a perforated metal screen through which the flour is drawn. McCabe et al. (1993) reported that size reduction equipment was divided into crusher, grinders, ultra-fine grinders and cutting machines. On the other hand Sun (2002) said that the size of waste-materials is usually 10 to 30 mm after chipping and 0.2 to 2.0 mm after milling or grinding. Fife et al. (2010) found that the grinding this is processing by which material is reduced in particle size by impact, shearing or attrition. Grinding is normally accomplished using a hammer mill, with particle size controlled by screen size, hammer mill size and moisture content of the grain. Grinding the most common, cheapest, and simplest method of grain processing. The aim of the present study is to develop and evaluate the grinding machine performance suitable for mango kernels as hard wastes. FARM MACHINERY AND POWER Misr J. Ag. Eng., October 2013 928 MATERIALS AND METHODS To achieve the goal of this study a grinding machine consists of feeding unit, suitable frame and power source was construction in Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI) workshop (Fig1 and 2) for grinding mango kernel (Mangifera indica local variety) obtained from Farag Allah company through 2009-2010. (1) Frame was fabricated from 50 × 50 ×5 L mm steel 37C.The frame dimensions are 680 × 1150 × 1000mm length, width and height, respectively. (2) Feeding unit was fabricated from steel sheets 2mm thickness as trapezoid shaped. The feeding unit was supported from the down end with the frame inlet at 60 degree inclination angle by knuckle. The feeding unit dimensions are 745 × 400 × 265 mm, length, width and height, respectively. Fig.2: The grinding machine photographed. Fig.1: elevation view of the grinding machine. 1Feed hopper 2housing 3frame 4 -Motor pulley 5Motor 6Driving pulley (3) Grinding unit consists of: Case: It cylindrical shape with two opens; the inlet has dimensions of 300 × 200 mm and the outlet open has dimensions of 310× 200 mm length and width, respectively. Drum consists of main shaft, four flanges and bins. FARM MACHINERY AND POWER Misr J. Ag. Eng., October 2013 929 Knife made from spring steel with 100mm length, 45mm width and 8mm thickness. The knives are mounting as a groups between the flanged each group include two knives. Screen holes is 6mm and number of holes per square inch is 9 holes. The clearance between the knives and the screen is 10mm. (4) Electrical motor of 3.677 kW (5 hp) was used to the grinding machine. The power was transmitted by pulley and belt. The experiments were done in randomized complete block design at three replicates to determine the grinding machine performance under the studied factories. The following factories include: 1Feeding quantity "F" (10, 15 and 20kg). 2Drum speeds "S"(1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 rpm). 3Knives number "N" (24, 36 and 48 knives). Experiments were done to show the effect of drum speeds "S", knives number "N" and feeding quantity "F" on the grinding machine performance. The grinding machine performance was estimated by determining the product quality (grinding residual distribution and mean weight diameters "MWD") and the machine performance (machine productivity, power consumed and energy requirement). Measurements a. Mango kernels properties The length, width and thickness of 100 mango kernels measured by digital venire caliber with an accuracy of 0.05mm. Then the mango kernel properties are determined using the following equations (Mohsenin, 1998): Sphericity: (%) L T) W. . (L L 3 1   Dg  1 Where: Dg = Geometric mean diameter, mm L = Mango kernel length, mm W = Mango kernel Width, mm T = Mango kernel thickness, mm Geometric mean diameter (Dg) and the arithmetic mean diameter (Da) (c.t. Seyed and E

DEVELOPMENT OF GRINDING MACHINE SUTABLE FOR MANGO KERNEL