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The study was carried out in a private outdoor apiary located at Meet Fares village, Bani Ebaid district, Dakahlia province. The study was conducted during winter and early spring, covering the dearth season prior to clover nectar flow season to investigate the effect of food supplements on the reared queens quality and the worker hypopharyngeal glands (HPGs). The results showed that the clover pollen diets had the largest effect on the mean queen weight and lengths also on the mean queen abdomen length and width in comparison with gluten and sugar syrup feeding. Also, the mean weight of queen ovaries and the mean number of ovarioles were the largest when honey bee fed pollen diets. Histologically, the nurse worker hypopharyngeal glands (HPGs) exhibited larger acini diameters and more secretions in case of clover pollen diets followed by corn gluten one in comparison with the sugar syrup. Generally, corn gluten exhibited moderate positive effects and could be a good protein nutritive, especially, when blended with other nutritive materials as yeasts and sugar. It is relatively cheaper and has high protein content, so it is recommended as a suitable pollen substitute in dearth periods.

Effect of Pollen Supplements and Substitutes on Honey Bee Queen Ovaries and Worker Hypopharyngeal Glands