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The emission of soot is a phenomenon that occurs in flames of all types of hydrocarbon fuels including: (a) laminar and turbulent flames, (b) premixed, partially premixed and diffusion flames, (c) flames of different hydrocarbon fuels including [1, 2, and 3]. The presence of soot may cause harmful or useful effects; as may be explained by the following examples: (i) Furnace Flames: In which the presence of soot promotes radiation and raise the heat transfer by radiation resulting in improving the efficiency. However in such cases, soot is to be generated in a way that satisfies particles oxidation before exiting to the stack. [4, 5, and 6]. (ii) Production of Carbon Black: In which a maximum yield of soot from the flame pyrolysis of hydrocarbon feedstock is required. [7] (iii) Environmental and Adverse Health Impacts: The presence of soot reflects poor combustion conditions and loss of efficiency and may result in reduced atmospheric visibility, increased particle fallout, carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, deposition on the surfaces of internal combustion engines (particularly diesel engines) and gas turbine combustors; resulting in deteriorating maintenance and efficiency, so there are many good reasons to avoid soot formation altogether. (iv) Fires: Where the presence of soot in one hand increases radiation heat transfer that result in serious spread of fire, while on the other it may be a source of light as in a candle flame. Soot can be characterized by the total amount of the condense phase (Aerosol) and is expressed by: [8, 9, 10, and 11]. 1The soot volume fraction, (φ), [cm3 soot/cm3) 2The number of soot particles, N, [particles/cm3] 3The size of the particle, d, [mm] It is worth mentioning that the size distribution of soot particles is relatively narrow and hence the average size would be sufficient. The above three quantities (φ , N and d) are very much related to the different stages of the soot formation process; the soot particle formation stage (the source of N) and soot surface growth stage (the source of φ). Therefore it is most convenient to consider N and φ as the independent variables in the process. Finally, the third one is the soot oxidation stage. A brief explanation to these three stages is exhibited in what follows (Fig1):

UV-LASER SHADOWGRAPHY OF TWO SLOT AND FOUR SLOT EV BURNER FLAME FLOW FİELD