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Land degradation is an environmental issue that faces the world (UNCED 1992; UNEP 2007). It has negative impacts on agricultural productivity, ecological functions and hence the life quality (Taddese 2001; Masoudi et al. 2018). About 25% reduction of the biomass production is claimed to be induced by many parameters related to environmental factors and human activities on different scales of time and space (Taddese 2001; Zehtabian and Jafari 2002; Barzani and Khairulmaini 2013; Masoudi and Amiri 2015). Arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions are the mostsusceptible to land degradation problems (Eliasson et al. 2003; Pan and Li 2013; Masoudi 2010 and 2014). Soil degradation was the main subject of land degradation assessment. Many studies have concluded that to evaluate land degradation is not an easy task. Therefore, different evaluation methods based on estimating the vulnerability to desertification and erosion or the actual (present) state of soil degradation should be tested (Oldeman 1992; Lal et al. 1997; Eswaran and Reich 1998). Assessment of land degradation includes three aspects (FAO–UNEP, 1984); i) current or present status, ii) trend or rate and iii) vulnerability to hazard or risk. In addition, the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)is helpful to manipulate and analyze soil survey andenvironmental data for solving land degradation problems.This enables us to determine future hazards through overlaying multiple data L AND degradation is a world challenge for sustainable agricultural production and food security. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of shallow water table conditions on the soil degradation rate of Abis Experimental Research Station, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt. Soil salinization, sodification and water logging conditions were assessed through collecting surface (0-30 cm) and subsurface (30-60 cm) soil samples and water table samples in 2016. The data obtained were compared with a previous survey study in 2007 and the salinization, sodification and water logging index rates were calculated. Generally, mean values of EC (dS m-1) and ESP (%) increased and water table depth decreased with high spatial variability and more areas suffered from salinity and sodicity in 2016 compared to 2007. Within a period of nine years, 46% and 47% of the cropland area were converted from “non to slightly saline” to “moderately to highly saline” soil in the surface and subsurface layers, respectively. About 45% and 46% of the area were deteriorated and turned into sodic soils in the surface and subsurface layers, respectively.The water-table intruded much more to the soil surface where 95% of the cropland area had water-table depth of 50-100 cm. The salinization rate index was < 2 dS m-1/ year (Non to slight) for the all observations. 35% of the area showed moderate sodification rate (1-2 increase in ESP/year) and only 4% with high sodification rate (2-3 increase in ESP/year). A moderate (1-3 cm decrease/year) and high (3-5 cm decrease/year) water logging rates were observed in 46% and 28% of the area, respectively, which were mostly found in the Eastern part of Abis farm.

Shallow Water Table-induced Soil Degradation of a Lacustrine Cultivated Soil