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tilization of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis as biocontrol agents and chemical inducers hydroquinone (HQ) and salicylic acid (SA) as plant systemic inducers resistance individually or in combinations was studied for controlling root rot and wilt diseases and growth promoting of lupine plants in vitro and in vivo. Both antagonistic bioagents and chemical inducers either individually or in combination inhibited linear growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lupini and Rhizoctonia solani with variable degrees compared to the check. Bacillus subtilis + HQ and B. subtilis + SA recorded the highest reduction of mycelial growth in both pathogenic fungi. Under the greenhouse and field conditions, all treatments significantly reduced damping-off and root rot/wilt incidence and increased the survived plants. The combination of biocontrol agents and chemical resistance inducers were more effective than using each of them individually. Also, under field conditions, these treatments significantly increased plant growth parameters and yield components in both locations (Ismailia and Sers El-layian Res. Stations Farms during 2017/2018 growing season). In physiological studies, photosynthetic pigments, activities of defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase (PO), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and total phenols content (TPC) were increased in plants treated with biocontrol agents combined with chemical inducers compared to using each of them individually. Generally, the combination of biocontrol agents and chemical resistance inducers recorded the best results for controlling damping-off, root rot/wilt diseases, plant growth parameters and yield components in the greenhouse and field. Such these treatments may be used as a part of integrated disease management for field crops in order to avoid the use of fungicides.

Enhancing Biocontrol Agents by Hydroquinone and Salicylic Acid for Controlling Root-Rot and Wilt Diseases of Lupine