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T study deals with the effect of aquatic environmental pollution of Lake Manzalah on Lizaramada. The fish and water samples were collected seasonally for a year from Autumn 2000 to Summer 2001 from the selected stations near Boughaz El-Gamil. Other water samples were collected from 12 different stations in other locations. The study included heavy metal analysis of the water lake and histopathological changes in the kidneys of the same fish. The investigation revealed that the high values of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) encountered during the different seasons in lake Manzalah induced toxic effects on Lizaramada kidneys which may decrease the productivity of this Mugil species. So, it is recommended to try to protect this fish from the destruction by drainage water loaded with agricultural and industrial pollutants as well as sewage. INTRODUCTION Lake Manzalah is the largest and most productive lake in the northern region of Egypt. The total area of the lake is about 872 Km. The area of the lake has been steadily decreased in size since records started in the early 1900s where it was estimated as 1647 Km due to agricultural reclamation activities (Dowidar and Abdel-Moati, 1983; Toews and Ishak, 1984 and Abdel-Baky and El Ghobashy, 1991). Lake Manzalah is highly dynamic aquatic ecosystem. There are continuous changes in physical, chemical, hydrological and biological properties as early as the beginning of the 20 century. Mean annual salinity declined by about 82.7% since 1921, from 16.7% ppt to 2.9%ppt during 1985/86 (Khaffl, 1990), Now, the lake is 0 Shadia M. Kadry et ah considered as a sink for disposing industrial and human wastes. A total amount of about 7500 million cubic meters of untreated industrial domestic and drainage water as well as agrochemicals (fertilizers and biocides) is discharged annually into the lake through seven main drains (Ibrahim etal, 1997). Hadous, Ramsis and Bahr El-Bakar drains contribute about 75% of the total annual drainage water into the southern sector of the lake. Previous studies on the hydrography and chemical properties of Lake Manzalah have been reported by El Wakeel and Wahby (1970) and Wahby et al (1972). They concluded that the drainage water changed the nutrient level of the lake in many respects especially the nitrate phosphate ratio. The residue levels of petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in lake Manzalah were studied by Abou-Arab et al (1995) and Badawye/tf/. (1995). Abdel-Satar (2001) studied the effect of drains on the southern of lake Manzalah. The study revealed depletion of dissolved oxygen and high concentrations of nutrients, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand and heavy metals. As an indicator of exposure to contaminants, histology represents a useful tool to assess the degree of pollution (Bernet et al, 1999). The kidney of fish is a suitable organ for histological examination in order to determine the effect of pollution (Bucher and Hofer, 1993). Many authors reported histopathological abnormalities in kidney of different fish species that were exposed to several pollutants (agricultural, industrial and sewage) (Daskalow etalt 2000 and Lliopoulou & Kotsani, 2001). The present study is initiated as a framework to seek an overview of the impact of water pollution in lake Manzalah on the histopathological changes in Liza ramada kidney. In order to proceed to asound assessment of this effect, it was first necessary to monitor the levels of heavy metals pollution in the lake throughout the year by four seasons. MATERIAL AND METHODS A-Collection And Preparation of Water Samples: Water samples were collected seasonally from Autumn 2000 to Sximmer 2001. Twelve stations were selected to cover the area of the lake and divided into four sectors. The location of sampling stations are presented in Fig(l). The samples were collected from INJURIES IN KIDNEY TISSUE OF L. RAMADA 3 AS A BIOMARKER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION subsurface layer for heavy metal analysis, each sample was kept into one litre capacity polyethylene bottle. B-Methods of Heavy Metals Analysis: The methods described in the American Public health Association APHA (1992), were used for the determination of heavy metals. Samples of heavy metals were digested by cone. Nitric acid. The metals concentrations (Fef Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) were determined using Hitachi model 170-30 with Graphite Atomizer (G.A.-2) atomic absorption spectrophotometer and -comparing the reading with a standard curve. OHistopathological Study: Specimens of the mugil species Liza ramada were caught seasonally from Autumn 2000 to Summer 2001 from a station in lake Manzalah (near Boughaz EI-Gamil). Kidneys were removed carefully from the collected animals, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, processed routinely for histological analysis employing haematoxylin and eosin (HE). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The concentration of iron in lake Manzalah ranged from 0.090 mg.l" at station 12 to 2.942mg.l" at station 8 (Table 1).-Iron is an abundant and important element, unsurpassed by any other heavy metal in the earth's crust The increase of iron concentrations of lake water is attributed to the release of Fe from the sediment during the dissolution of Fe. Like iron, manganese is also known to be essential in primary production. Manganese occurs mostly in the form of soluble MnJt is precipitated as MnC>2 by oxidation to Mn*". It's distribution is thus controlled to a large extent by PH (Goldberg, 1965). The concentrations of manganese ranged from 0.021 mg.r l at stations 11 and 12 to 0.627 mg.l" at station 5 (Table 2). The United States Public Health Service has set lmg.1" as the drinking water standard (Hutchinson, 1957). The concentrations of Mn in the present study is significantly lower than the drinking water standard. This indicates that lake Manzalah is devoid of contamination by manganese salts. Elewa (1993) reported Mn oxide and hydroxides in the surface sediments under anoxic conditions. This increase may be due to the breakdown of organic matter and dead microorganisms with subsequent release of the metal into water (Prince, 1994). & Shadia M Kadry etal, The concentrations of copper ranged from 0.007mgl" at station 12 to O.lfJOmg.l" at station 8 (Table 3). Copper is a micronutrient fundamental to all forms of life, in enzyme activity or random rearrangement of natural proteins (Bower, 1979). The metal is insoluble in water, but many of its salts are highly soluble (Anon<5 1978), In the drinking water, the limit of lmg.1" copper is based on consideration of taste rather than hazards to health (Masoud etal, 1994). Although prolonged consumption of large doses has been known to cause liver damage in human (National Academy of Science, 1973), It is doubtful that high content of copper could harm human consumers because copper does not tend to accumulate in the edible tissues of fishes (Hassouna, 1989). Zinc is an essential element and a common pollutant. The minimum concentration of zinc in lake Manzalah was nil at stations2, 6, 9, 10 and 12. The maximum concentration of zinc (0T73mg.l) was recorded at station 4 (table 4). Mining, surething and sewage disposal are major sources of zinc pollution. Zinc is taken up by fish directly from the water especially by mucous and gills (Skidmore, 1964). The high concentration of zinc at New Bahr El Bakar drain (station 4) may be due to pollution by sewage and industrial wastes discharged in the drain. This can be attributed to the adsorption of zinc hydroxide which binds to organic matter (Abd El-Satar, 1998). The minimum concentration of lead was nil in different seasons and stations. The maximum concentration was 0.232mg.l~ at stations 5 and 8 (Table 5).Natural waters seldom contain more than 20ug/L the World Health Organization (WHO) international standards for water set 0.1 ppm as a maximum permissible level (MPL) of lead, also the Egyptian Ministry of Health has set 0.05 ppm for fresh water bodies. The annual average values showed that the concentrations of lead were higher than the maximum permissible level (MPL) in the four seasons. The high concentrations of lead may be attributed to the industrial waste inflow. Lead is a serious cumulative body poison. Lead acts by complexing with oxo-groups in enzymes and affects virtually all steps in the processes of hemosynthesis. It also inhibits acetylcholine esterase, acid phosphatase, ATPase, carbonic anhydrase, etc., and inhibits protein synthesis by modifying transfer RNA. Typical symptoms of lead poisoning are colic, anaemia, headache, convulsion chronic nephritis of the kidney, brain damage and central nervous system disorder (Greenwood and Earnshaw, 1985). 5 INJURIES TN KIDNEY TISSUE OF L. RAMADA AS A BIOMARKER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION The minimum concentration of cadmium was zero in different seasons and stations. The maximum concentration of cadmium was 0.068mg.l" at station 4 in winter season (Table 6). Cadmium concentration of 200mg.r is toxic to certain fish (APHA, 1992). The WHO international standards for water sets a maximum permissible level (MPL) of cadmium 0.0 lppm. The concentrations of cadmium were higher than MPL at stations 1,3,4,5,6,8,9, and 11 in the different seasons but the regional annual average (0.008) was lower than MPL. The maximum concentration of cadmium at New Bahr El Bakar drain (station 4) was due to the direct input of sewage, agricultural and industrial wastes. Cadmium is used in various industrial processes, and as a by product of zinc mining, fossil fuel and base metal smelting. This biologically non-essential element is highly toxic to aquatic organisms and is a knowrtTenal toxicant (APHA, 1992). Water pollution induces pathological changes in fishes. Histopathology of kidney of fishes has been a useful tool as an effective indicator in the evaluation of environmental pollution in waters. Kidney is also important

INJURIES IN KIDNEY TISSUE OF THE MUGIL FISH LIZA RAMADA AS A BIOMARKER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN THE LAKE MANZALAH