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The present study displayed the histopathological alterations produced In kidneys of Sarotherodon galilaeus fish following exposure to gradually ascending sublethal concentrations of VA.VI, LC50 and double LC50 for 5 days each. Kidneys from fish exposed to the low levels of mel ats showed slight changes in the proximal convoluted tubular epithelium which were slightly vaculated and the nuclei of its cells were karyorhectic. Hypertrophy, cloudy swelling and hydropic degeneration of some renal tubules as well as congestion of kidney blood vessels were common among fishes exposed to the medium levels of mat els (V4 LCso)Atrophied cellular components of the Bowman's capsules and enlarged Bowman's spaces were also observed in such treated fishes. In the fish groups exposed to the highest concentrations of zinc and lead, degenerations in the cytoplasm of tubular epithelial cells were so drastic to the extent that the tubules as a whole appeared as if they were ghosts of tubules. The haemopoietic tissue was reduced in volume in fishes exposed to the LC50 of copper. It was crowded with necrotic cells in case of fishes exposed to theLCsoof lead. The above histological alterations are sufficient to cause 16 AJ-Zahaby, A»S.;Hemmaid, K.Z.; Carnal, A.M. and Ghonemy, O.L nephrotoxicity that may lead to impairment in the excretory function of the kidney. INTRODUCTION Pollution of the aquatic environment by heavy me! ats from industrial discharges causes hazards to the living animals including fishes, Bryan (1971) r eported that additional quantities introduced from industrial wastes or sewage, destroy the biogeochemical cycle. Little work has been done on the toxicological effects of some heavy met als to the kidney of fish (Wobeser, 1975; Sipple etai, 1983; Kirubagaran and Joy, 1988 and Wester and Canton, 1988). Early in 1959 , Vogel showed that gold fish treated with 100 mg/1 of copper subjected to severe nephrotoxic and neurotoxic effects. Meanwhile, Baker (1969) reporteda that kidney of winter flounder subjected to considerable pathological changes. Effects of other heavy mat els, such as cadmium (Gardner and Yevich, 1970) and mercury (Wobeser, 1975 and Wester & Canton, 1988), on kidney of fishes had been studied. Recently, Leino et aL (1990) studied the multiple effects of aluminum and acid on the histology of the kidney of brook trout and fat-head minnows. Moreover, hyaline degenerations in kidney tubules were detected in some fish species following toxic additions of mercury (Trump et aL, 1975) and exposure to sublethal levels of lead (Sipple etal, 1983). Also,HemeIraad ef aL (1990) detected changes in the ultrastructure of kidney mitochondria of Anodonta cygnea following exposure to heavy met als (cadmium). Likewise, glrahim et aL (1997) demonstrated accumulation of heavy met als in tissues of clams. Other investigators reported that environmental stress resulted in variable histological responses in kidneys of fishes (Hendricks, 1971; Stevens andBick, 1975; Colville */<*/., 1983, and Hwang and Wu, 1988). The Pollutant effects of copper, zinc and lead on the histological patterns of 17 fish kidney Nowadays, large number of factories and industrial companies are established near rives and on sides of their tributaries. Effluents, of a considerable bulk, of such projects are poured in these fresh water currents, Therefore, the present investigation was planned to detect and compare the deleterious changes that may be occurred in the kidney of one of the freshwater tilapian fish Saroiherodon gatilaeus under the effect of different concentrations of either copper, zinc or lead. These heavy mat els were proved to be of toxic form (Portmann, 1970). MATERIALS AND METHODS Saroiherodon galilaeus of about 15±1 cm total length and 130±10 gm total weight from both sexes were collected from E!-Abassa fish Farm at Sharkia Province. Fishes were maintained in 13 aquaria (10 fish in each) and supplied with continuously aerated fresh water and supplementary food for two weeks in order to acclimatize with laboratry conditions. Following atomic absorption analysis of water from Nile river near the effluents of factories at industrial areas from three localities (Benha, Helwan and Kafir El-Ziat) the concentrations of copper, zinc and lead were estimated. These concentrations were found to be 6.25, 7,5 and 0.25 mg/L in average, for the three metals, respectively. Starting from these values, gradual increasing series of copper sulphate, zinc sulphate and lead nitrates were applied to calculate the 96 hrs-LCsoThe half lethal concentration (LC50) for each mat ael was calculated by graphical straight line interpolation, plotted on a semilog paper (Litchfield and Willcoxon, 1949). The 96 hrs-LC5oS were found to be 27, 28 and 0.92 mg/1 for copper, zinc and lead, respectively. The first aquarium contained fishes living in non treated fresh water and considered as controls. Fishes of other twelve aquaria were exposed for 5 days to either VV/2, LC50 or double the LC50 of copper, zinc and lead. The pH value in order to be adjusted between each aquarium was measured twice/day 7.6-8.4. 18 Al-Zahahy, A.S.;Hemmai

THE POLLUTANT EFFECTS OF COPPER, ZINC AND LEAD ON THE HISTOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF FISH KIDNEY