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The main objective of the study is to assess the extent of contribution of border governorates to the process of population and labour force distribution. The study also tries to estimate the growth of both population and labor force in border governorates, to measure the contribution of border governorates to the movements of population (internal migration), and to analyze the developments of characteristics of the population and labour force in general, and the workers in particular. These governorates are: The Red Sea, The New Valley, Matrough, North Sinai, and South Sinai. The five border governorates assume about 79% of the land area of the country. The total number of population in border governorates amounted to 1669 thousand persons as of mid-2015, i.e. less than 2% of the total population. The growth rates of population were nearly double those of the total population during most of the study period, except for the last year (2015). The natural increase rate (2.6%) is slightly higher than the national level (2.3%) in 2015. They attracted about 247000 persons during the period 1996-2006, representing only 5.2% of those who internally migrated at the national level. The major cause of population movement to border governorates was (looking for work) (43%), followed by (attendance) (42%), where the latter are the followers of the earlier. The urbanization level (68%) was seemingly higher than that of the national level (43%) as of 2006. The total number of labour force in border governorates amounted to 592 thousand in 2015, i.e. about 2% of total labour force. The growth rates of such labour force are more than double those of the country level, during most of the study period, while they became even lower than the country level in 2015, as is the case with population. Refined activity rate was 65%, similar to that of the national level in 2006, but was increasing rapidly in border governorates. Unemployment rates during the period 1986-2006 (7%) were lower than those of the national level (about 11%). The border governorates are no longer able to attract more population and provide job opportunities. More than half the unemployed had secondary and higher education (57% in 2006 and 56% in 2015). The relative share of unemployed with university education and above increased rapidly from 21% in 2006 to 32% in 2015 at the national level, and even faster from 14% to 32% in border governorates.  * Assistant Professor, Regional Development Center, Institute of National Planning, Egypt. Bul. Soc. Géog. d’Égypte Tome XC -22The levels, patterns, and trends of educational status of the labour force are more or less similar to those of the national level. Female labour force is better educated than the male counterpart, at all levels. Employment status of the workers is dominated by "wage workers", at all levels. The "private sector" continued to be the major job provider, with a rapidly increasing trend at all levels. As for female workers, the "government" became the major job provider in border governorates. Workers with "the white collar occupations" (scientific, professional, technical, administrative, and managerial workers) assumed the first rank, with an increasing trend. The "community services sector" was the dominant one, with an increasing trend. The relative share of "agriculture" was lower and rapidly decreasing in border governorates, from 26% in 1996 to 15% in 2006. The study recommends to adopt objective criteria to establish and cancel governorates. It is suggested to divide border governorates to be allocated to neighboring governorates. Any new universities are not to be established in the old Valley and Delta. Establishing new universities and faculties, especially those with theoretical specializations, in the established remote border communities. Executing development plans prepared for the current border governorates. Establishing any new regions (regardless of their number and nature) has to include complete governorates. Great interest has to be paid to establish new communities on cultivable lands in current border governorates. [Bul. Soc. Géog. d’Égypte, 2017, 90: 21-57] Objectives of the Study: The main objective of the study is to assess the extent of contribution of border governorates to the process of population distribution strategies, policies, and programs during the last few decades. In particular, the study tries to achieve the following objectives: To estimate the growth of both population and labor force in border governorates, To measure the contribution of border governorates to the movements of population (internal migration), and To analyze the developments of characteristics of the population and labour force in general, and the workers in particular. Data Sources: Although the study covers the time period 1976-2015, it depends mainly on the population censuses that cover the time period (1976-2006). In addition, the most recent data published by Central Agency of Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) in 2016 is used for some characteristics of the population and labour force. As for comparability of data, between censuses and estimates of 2015, it is noteworthy that such estimates are carried out by the same official agency executing the censuses, i.e. the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). Accordingly, the researcher takes the estimates of 2015 for granted, just to utilize the last available data for some variables. Role of Border Governorates in Redistribution of Population and Labour Force Ezzat Zayyan -23Methodology: The analytical tabular descriptive analysis is adopted to achieve the objectives of the study, as for assessing the relative weight of border governorates as for their shares of both population and labour force. In addition, the cartographic techniques are used to indicate the geographical distribution and different characteristics of both population and labour force levels, patterns and trends. Organization: The study consists of four sections in addition to the introduction. As usual, the introduction indicates the objectives, the data sources, and the methodology. Section two contains the analysis of levels, patterns, and trends of population. Section three deals with levels, patterns and trends of the labour force. Section four presents the developments in the characteristics of the workers as for the employment status, occupations, the economic activities, and the institutional structure. Finally, the concluding section presents the conclusions and recommendations of the study. 1) Levels, Patterns and Trends of Population in Border Governorates: Before proceeding to the analysis of levels, patterns and trends of the population and labour force in border governorates, it is worthy to present the absolute, uninhabited, inhabited, cultivated and cultivable areas in such governorates. This is to be carried out to assess the relative share of border governorates as for the land area, the population, and the labour force. In turn, this indicates the administrative burden endured by the administrative apparatus in such governorates, compared to other non-border governorates (Abdel-Hakim, 1998, 3-5; Abdel-Hamid, 1994, 5-15; El-Bakly, 2016, 1; ElZamly, 2016, 201-207; INP. 2003, 127-130). Table 1. Absolute and Relative Size of Total, Inhabited, and Uninhabited Land Areas and Population of Border Governorates, Egypt, 2015. Inhabited Areas Uninhabited Areas Total Land Areas Agricultura l Areas Cultivable Areas Governorate km 2 % km 2 % km 2 % km 2 % km 2 % The Red Sea 71 0.1 129929 14 130000 13 0.0 0 0 0 The New Valley 1112 2 375393 41 376505 38 342 1 0 0 Matrouh 4020 6 208092 23 212112 22 1208 4 1164 25 North Sinai 184 3 27380 3 27564 3 33 0 55 1 South Sinai 11822 18 16616 2 28438 3 5683 17 0 0 Total Border Governorates 17209 27 757410 83 774619 79 7266 21 1219 26 Total Egypt 64661 100 917086 100 981747 100 34215 100 4604 100 Sources: INP (2003) "Dividing Egypt Into Planning Regions", Cairo: INP. (Planning and Development Issues Series, No. 162), pp. 128-130. INP (2008) "Population Characteristics and Their Reflection on Social Values", Cairo: INP. (Planning and Development Issues Series, No. 210), p. 73. Bul. Soc. Géog. d’Égypte Tome XC -24As indicated in Table (1), the five border governorates together assume about 79% of the total land area of the country. Accordingly, about 20 governorates assume only 21% of the total country land area. Regardless of the population distribution to be dealt with later, these figures indicate the great imbalance as for the absolute and relative land areas of the border governorates. As a result, the administrative structure of the Egyptian governorates can be simply considered as highly distorted. Administratively, this means that five Governors, with their deputies, and general secretaries, and under-secretaries are responsible for the administration of about fourfifths of the country land area. By contrast, more than 20 Governors are responsible for only about one-fifth of the country area. This may be considered as another aspect of imbalance, as for the authorities and responsibilities of the administrative apparatus in the country. It is left to the following section to assess the role of such governorates in absorbing population increase on the one hand, and providing new job opportunities on the other (INP, 2003, pp. 128-130; INP, 2008, p. 73). Within border governorates, the relative share of inhabited areas is very low (2.2%), while almost all the remaining areas (97.8%) are uninhabited. The inhabited areas include lands used for the following purposes: houses, services, agricultural and cultivable lands inside and outside the administration of the governorates (INP, 2003, pp. 118-127). It seems that these fast areas haven't been utilized for land reclamation projects, even to compensate for the traditional agricultural lands lo

The Role of Border Governorates in Redistribution of Population and Labour Force, Egypt, 1976-2015 (A Study in Labour Force and Regional Development)