English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Q fever first has been diagnosed in abattoir workers in Australia in 1935, and was soon considered as a zoonotic disease and a global problem for human and animal health (15, 19). The causative organism is Coxiella burnetii, a slow-growing, intracellular bacterium, but the disease is difficult to diagnose, prevent and treat in humans and in animals (7). Payzın and Golem reported the occurrence of Q fever for the first time in Turkey in 1948 and identified C. burnetii infection in humans with atypical pneumonia (22). They then investigated the relationship between Q fever in humans and domestic animals. Domestic ruminants which give birth or abort are the main sources of Q fever infection for humans. However, the reservoir of the infection is large enough to cover free-living mammals and birds (25). Among farm animals, the most susceptible ones to this disease are sheep and goats. C. burnetii infection causes significant economic losses for the livestock industry due to abortions and still births and to infertility in adult animals. The disease is mainly transmitted to humans by inhalation of contaminated aerosol particles from parturient or slaughtered ruminants (21). It is stated that ticks also play a role in the transmission of Q fever among animals. In the experimental studies, some tick species belonging to the Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes and Ornithodoros genera have been shown to function as vectors of C. burnetii (7). C. burnetii is a highly infectious pathogen that with difficulty grows in artificial media, so diagnosis of infection must rely on molecular techniques and serological methods, such as indirect fluorescent antibody tests, complement fixation tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA methods are deemed the most sensitive, easiest to apply, suitable for epidemiological research and valuable for the diagnosis of acute and chronic Q fever (26). In Turkey, seroepidemiological studies of Q fever have continued and have increased its topicality since the early 1950s. Studies of the small ruminant population in the eastern Anatolia region revealed a seroprevalence in sheep of 22.1% in Erzurum, Kars and Ağrı; 10.5% in Elazığ; 23.3% in Elazığ, Malatya, Bingöl and Muş; 20.0% in the southern Marmara region including Bursa, Balıkesir and Çanakkale and 13.3% in the Marmara region covering 11 different provinces Seroprevalence of Q fever in small ruminants in the northeast Anatolian region in Turkey