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The diencephalon is a region of the vertebrate neural tube that gives rise to posterior forebrain structures and contains, among others, the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. High-altitude is a component of the physical environment to which animals adapt (10). High-altitude environments present many physiological challenges for mammals because the increasing altitude is characterized by decreasing oxygen availability in the environment without major changes in tissue requirements. In 2000, Burmester et al. (1) observed that Ngb is expressed in the vertebrate nervous system. Zhao et al. (21) reported that Ngb is highly expressed in the brain of mice with traumatic brain injury, whereas in humans Ngb is significantly expressed in the hypothalamus, amygdala, and pontine tegmental nuclei (14). In the hypothalamus and cerebrum of sheep, Ngb shows a lower expression (8). Oxygen (O2) is vital for respiration, which is a process that transfers energy from glucose to cells. To adapt to this condition, evolutionarily conserved responses must be engaged. In mammals and other non-vertebrate species, the primary transcriptional factor that responds to hypoxic stress is mediated by a dimeric protein called the hypoxiainducible factor (Hif-1α). Hif-1α is an important transcription factor that regulates oxygen consumption and morphological changes in response to varying oxygen concentrations. Frank et al. (9) reported that Hif-1α targets genes in the adult rat brain and promotes cell survival in hypoxic tissues. A study conducted by Joana et al. ascertained that Hif-1α expression in the hypothalamus regulates cellular responses to inflam* This research project was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31760305). The foundation had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Expression and distribution of neuroglobin and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in the diencephalon of young yaks*