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Neuroglobin (NGB), first described by Burmester et al. in 2000 (5), is a specific oxygen-binding heme protein, which is found mainly in the brain and retina of vertebrates. NGB stores oxygen and promotes the diffusion of oxygen into mitochondria or directly mediates the transmission of oxygen to mitochondria, promoting the production of adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) and maintaining the normal function of neurons (10). In recent years, studies on NGB have focused on the central nervous system. The internal expression of NGB in the retina and its physiological functions have become a topic of interest for researchers (3). NGB has been detected in the brains of humans, mice, rats, chickens, zebrafish, and pufferfish (2, 4, 6, 24, 32, 33, 35, 46), as well as in the eyes of mice, chickens, and zebrafish (2, 21, 33, 36). Vallone et al. found features of NGB in the crystal structure of murine iron storage proteins that are important for the mechanism of ligand binding (32). They further observed that small internal cavities can be found in the heme distal side, which enables the His64(E7) side chain to leave the passageway upon exogenous ligand binding. Meanwhile, studies of the human retina revealed that NGB is generated spontaneously as a result of rapid autoxidation and that it binds exclusively to the GDP-bound form of the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins (Gαi). NGB expression in the mouse brain, as reported by Wystub et al. (36), shows that NGB is expressed solely in the cerebral cortex of mice and other regions. The estimated concentration of NGB in the retina is about 50 to 100-fold higher than in the brain, and it is in the same range as that of myoglobin in the muscle (29). The relative oxygen consumption and respiration rate of ocular tissues are uniquely high compared with 1) The researchers extend heartfelt thanks and appreciation to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31760305) and the Youth Tutor Foundation of Gansu Agricultural University (Grant No. GAU-QNDS-201501) for financial and technical support. This work could not have been possible without assistance rendered by the groups aforementioned. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Comparison of neuroglobin distribution and expression in the retina of adult yak and cattle1)