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The transition period is the most challenging life period of dairy cattle. This period, also known as the peripartum period, consists of the 3 weeks before and after calving. Dairy cattle suffer from an energy imbalance because of an increasing demand for nutrients from the foetus and for milk and colostrum production (12, 38). The transition from the pregnant, nonlactating state to the nonpregnant, lactating state is an enormous change and a challenge for metabolic and reproductive functions. A successful transition period primarily determines the productivity of the cow during the next lactation. The energy requirement in early lactation is higher than the energy intake of the cow, which results in a negative energy balance (NEB) (23). During early lactation, almost all dairy cows suffer from NEB, metabolic stress, and loss of body condition score (BCS) due to fat mobilisation from the body fat depot in response to increased energy requirements for milk production (25). In many cases, this leads to the development of ketosis which is defined by elevated concentrations of ketone bodies such as acetone, acetoacetate and betahydroxybutyric acid (BHB) in the blood, milk and urine(13, 45). Subclinical ketosis (SCK) is manifested as high blood concentrations of ketone bodies without clinical signs (1, 13). This is due mainly to NEB in the transition period. In many cases, SCK is defined by a blood BHB concentration of ≥ 1.0 mmol/L – 1.4 mmol/L (7, 15, 35, 39, 50, 56, 60, 62). However, the most accepted threshold of blood BHBA for the definition of SCK is ≥ 1.2 mmol/L (7, 35, 60, 62). Cows Transition period and subclinical ketosis in dairy cattle: association with milk production, metabolic and reproductive disorders and economic aspects