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Recently, interest in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and other peptides derived from preproglucagon has  increased significantly. GLP-1 is a 30-amino acid peptide hormone produced in L-type enteroendocrine cells  as a response to food intake. GLP-1 is rapidly metabolized and inactivated by the dipeptidyl peptidase IV  enzyme before the hormone leaves the intestine, which increases the likelihood that GLP-1 action is transmitted  through sensory neurons in the intestine and liver through the GLP-1 receptor. The main actions of GLP-1 are  to stimulate insulin secretion (i.e. act as incretin hormone) and inhibit glucagon secretion, thus contributing  to the reduction of postprandial glucose spikes. GLP-1 also inhibits motility and gastrointestinal secretion,  and therefore acts as part of the „small bowel brake” mechanism. GLP-1 also appears to be a physiological  regulator of appetite and food intake. Because of these effects, GLP-1 or GLP-1 receptor agonists are now  increasingly used to treat type 2 diabetes. Reduced GLP-1 secretion may contribute to the development of  obesity, and excessive secretion may be responsible for postprandial reactive hypoglycemia. The use of GLP-1  agonists opens up new possibilities for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases. In the last  two decades, many interesting studies covering both the physiological and pathophysiological role of GLP-1  have been published, and our understanding of GLP-1 has broadened significantly. In this review article, we  have tried to describe our current understanding of how GLP-1 works as both a peripheral hormone and  as a central neurotransmitter in health and disease. We focused on its biological effects on the body and the  potential clinical application in relation to current research.

Distribution and function of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in the digestive tract of mammals and the clinical use of its analogues