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Hydrocephalus is an excessive intracranial accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricular system or subarachnoid space (11). Physiologically, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protects, nourishes and supports the functioning of the central nervous system. It is produced mainly by the choroid plexuses of the brain ventricles and by the ependymal cells that form the lining of the ventricular system. CSF production is a process requiring energy consumption and takes place at a rate of about 0.03-0.5 mL/min. The CSF circulates in the ventricular system of the brain, passing through the lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle, from where it passes through the lateral apertures into the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord. Resorption of the cerebrospinal fluid takes place through the arachnoid villi in a passive process that does not require energy expenditure. A disturbance in the circulation or balance between the production and resorption of CSF can lead to the excessive accumulation of fluid and consequently to the development of hydrocephalus. This disorder is classified in various ways, depending on the anatomical position (internal or external hydrocephalus), aetiological factors or origin (acquired, congenital, communicating, non-communicating, or idiopathic) or the pressure difference (normoand hypertensive) (4). There are various causes of hydrocephalus in dogs. As a rule, they are associated with pathological stenoses within the ventricular system of the brain resulting from malformations or inflammatory changes in the prenatal period. The breeds that are predisposed to the development of congenital hydrocephalus are: Bulldog, Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua, Maltese, Pomeranian, Pekingese and Boston Terrier (8). Acquired internal hydrocephalus can be of two types: compensatory hydrocephalus, related to the loss of brain tissue and subsequent filling of the free space with cerebrospinal fluid (e.g. post-traumatic associated with necrosis or post-infarction volume reduction associated with scarring), and hydrocephalus, caused by obstruction in the spaces where the CSF circulates (4). Taking into account the site of the blockage, hydrocephalus caused by obstruction can be subdivided into communicating or non-communicating. Obstruction within the ventricular system or within the lateral apertures causes excessive accumulation of CSF in the system; such hydrocephalus is called “non-communicating” because there is no fluid flow Diagnosis and treatment of internal hydrocephalus in dogs in relation to our own observations