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The more social and intelligent an animal is, the more stimuli it needs for optimal welfare. Animal welfare  is based on complex interactions between somatic, psychological and social stimuli that fulfill animals’ needs  at various levels. This is also true of dogs – the species that was domesticated first due to its extensive social  and communicative skills as well as cognitive capabilities. In view of these facts, it is difficult to explain why  Polish law does not require animal shelters to provide dogs with environmental and social enrichments.  Environmental enrichments are required by law for animals used in scientific experiments, for animals kept  in zoos and for farm animals in industrial farming, but not for companion species kept in shelters. This is even  more surprising considering that homeless animals spend long years in shelters, while the other categories of  animals mentioned above may, according to their use, live much shorter lives. What are the consequences of  this undesirable situation for animals in shelters and for society, and how can it be changed?

Lack of environmental enrichments in shelters for homeless animals: Animal welfare and human perception of animals’ need