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The nervous system of humans and animals consists of two main cell types: neurons and neuroglia (21, 48). Research on the neuroglia has contributed to the understanding of interactions between neurons and glial cells. An important feature of neuroglial cells is their excitability, which enables communication with neurons and modulates their activity (5). Neurons, glia and blood vessels work closely together to control conduction functions. Impairment of this symbiosis results in neurodegenerative diseases involving cognitive dysfunctions, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (52). The central nervous system (CNS) of an adult mammal includes four types of glial cells: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes (OLs), microglial cells and ependymal glia (9). OLs, astrocytes and ependymocytes are derived from a common line of neuronal progenitor cells in the neuroectoderm, whereas microglial cells are CNS macrophages derived from monocytes (42). In the peripheral nervous system, glial cells are represented by Schwann cells and satellite glial cells (21). Glial cells were classified less than 100 years ago by Pio del Rio-Hortega, who correctly assumed that microglia play a defensive role in a pathological CNS (39). Although that research was remarkably accurate for that time, innovative technologies have revealed new molecular, cellular and physiological aspects of glial tissue in the CNS. In the normal CNS, astrocytes regulate neurotransmitters and neurovascular dynamics. In response to damage, they become reactive and, together with the microglia, form glial scars. Under the influence of infection or damage in the CNS, microglia promote axon growth and remyelination, but in the case of excessive activity, they exert a cytotoxic effect. OLs and their precursors in normal tissue accelerate axonal conduction and support axonal function, but they are extremely susceptible to damage. Astrocytes, microglia and OLs interact to influence the survival, differentiation and remyelination of neurons. Communication between glial cells and nerve fibres is present even in invertebrates, such as earthworms, shrimp and copepods, but OLs and Schwann cells that Oligodendrocytes: Morphology, functions and involvement in neurodegenerative diseases