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General anaesthesia is not widely used in livestock, as its administration results in different additive effects, such as ruminal tympanism, regurgitation of reticuloruminal ingredients and aspiration of esophageal reflux or salivary material (23). Therefore, sedatives and tranquilising drugs play an important role in dayto-day veterinary practice (21), and a wide range of such agents are used as painkillers and myorelaxants in animals undergoing surgical procedures. They are necessary in veterinary medicine, as they assist in preventing the animal from struggling during inspection and in sustaining anaesthesia, thus limiting the quantity of anaesthetic used (18). The use of these agents facilitates intravenous catheterisation, examination of the rectum, uterus and vagina, and the performance of surgical procedures (e.g., amputation of the tail, dehorning and abscess opening) under local anaesthesia (9, 21). Xylazine hydrochloride, the first α-2 adrenergic receptor agonist to be employed as a sedative in veterinary practice, remains the most frequently administered anaesthetic for ruminants (3, 10). Although clinical sedative dosages of xylazine HCl do not provoke hypoxaemia in dogs, its intravenous administration to sheep at sedative and non-sedative doses has resulted in severe hypoxaemia (3). Xylazine HCl generally generates a dose-dependent sedative-hypnotic state, and surgical anaesthesia can be achieved by its use in combination with other anaesthetics. The administration of xylazine HCl to ruminants is associated with moderate to deep cardiopulmonary depression and, at higher doses, with ruminal stasis, apnoea and bradycardia. The sedative is ineffective in excited animals, and further disadvantages include prolonged induction and recovery (10). It has cardiopulmonary effects, such as bradycardia, changes in arterial blood pressure, tachypnoea with pulmonary oedema and arterial hypoxaemia. However, despite these deep cardiopulmonary effects, sedation may not be as marked as expected, Evaluation of analgesic and sedative effects of repeated and increasing doses of xylazine HCl in sheep*)