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Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus that includes two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, is a member of Pestivirus genus within Flaviviridae virus family together with Border Disease Virus (BDV) and Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) (9). BVDV mainly affects dairy and beef cattle which are considered as its natural hosts (8). However, it has been reported that BVDV can infect other even-toed ungulates including sheep, goat, antelope, alpacas, and llamas (5, 8, 18). In some parts of the world, BVDV may be a common cause of border disease in sheep due to interspecies transmission of BVDV between cattle and sheep (12). BVDV species have two well-known biotypes commonly described as cytopathic (cp) and non-cytopathic (ncp) according to their effects on cultured cells in vitro (9). Ncp biotypes are responsible for the vast majority of BVDV infection in living cattle at some stage of their lives (4, 9). Infection with BVDV is either asymptomatic or causes symptoms including mild enteric and respiratory symptoms, and results in seroconversion to protect from reinfection (9). When ncp BVDV infects fetuses during the first 40-120 days of gestation, a state of immune unresponsiveness may occur, resulting in persistently infected (PI) animals which serve as a lifelong source of infection to herds due to the virus spreading through excretes. Moreover, PI animals are unable to produce an antibody response against the virus and mucosal disease may lead to death if these animals are super-infected by cp biotypes of BVDV (2, 9, 18). BVDV can be described as a costly disease of cattle due to the calculated annual expenses of more than $48 per cow for developed countries including Denmark, USA and Canada (17). It also has significant negative economic impacts on the livestock industry because of having a broad tissue tropism and infections with a variety of clinical manifestations including respiratory, neurological and reproductive disorders, diarrhea and congenital abnormalities in herds (4, 8). Furthermore, BVDV takes part in bovine respiratory disease complex together with other important viral pathogens including bovine herpes virus type-1 (BHV-1), bovine respiratory syncitial virus (BRSV), bovine parainfluenza virus type-3 (BPIV-3) and bovine adenoviruses (BAV), and Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus isolate obtained from a local respiratory outbreak in Northern Turkey

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Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus isolate obtained from a local respiratory outbreak in Northern Turkey