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The structure and functions of the adult brain depend on many factors, including perinatal environmental conditions (14). It was demonstrated that the nutrition of pregnant rat dams influences the brain size, number of neurons, behaviour, learning and memory of their offspring (13). Hippocampal regions (CA1-CA4) and the dentate gyrus with the hilus, which have a laminar structure, are responsible for memory processes (6). In rodents, this region is very sensitive to environmental factors, especially between the 18th day of prenatal life and the 2nd or 3rd postnatal week (14). Proper hippocampus functioning depends, among others, on calcium ions, which in excess may lead to damage or even death of neurons. There are many systems which regulate intracellular Ca2+ concentration, including calcium binding proteins (CaBPs), e.g. calretinin (CR), which is a sensory protein, as well as a fast and slow calcium buffer (4). CR influences neuronal survival during calcium homeostasis disorders. Calcium ions in excess may lead to the activation of many enzymes (endonucleases, proteases, phospholipases) and to ultrastructure damages. Overexpression of this protein protects cells from a harmful increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration (5). However, the functions of this protein have not been fully explained (2, 17). In rodents, CR appears early in prenatal life and is determined in adult individuals approximately on the 21st day of postnatal life (15). CR-immunopositive neurons were observed in all layers of hippocampal regions and the dentate gyrus, especially in its hilus (7). In many experimental models of animal breeding, the positive effect of prenatal β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) administration on skeleton and muscle develCalretinin expression in hippocampus of mouse offspring from dams treated with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate