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The objectives of this study were to determine the optimal light conditions, agar concentration, and quantity of activated charcoal in asymbiotic media to improve the in vitro seed germination rate and early seedling development of the epiphytic orchids Dendrobium nobile Lindl. and Dendrobium phalaenopsis Fitzg. Two independent experiments with complete randomized designs were conducted. (1) Treatments were arranged in a split-plot scheme. Seeds in each sub-plot were exposed to one of four light conditions (dark, white fluorescent, red fluorescent + white fluorescent, or red fluorescent) and grown in one of four types of culture media (MS: Murashige and Skoog, 1⁄2 MS: half strength MS, K: Knudson C, and VW: Vacin and Went media). (2) Treatments were arranged in a 4 × 5 × 5 factorial scheme (four types of culture media: MS, 1⁄2 MS, K, and VW; five concentrations of agar: 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, or 8.0 g L −1 ; and five concentrations of activated charcoal: 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, or 6.0 g L −1 ). The highest germination rates and early seedling development were observed 45 days after seeding in the presence of white light for D. nobile and red + white light for D. phalaenopsis in MS and 1⁄2 MS culture media. Based on the findings of the present study, the use of MS and 1⁄2 MS culture media solidified with 4.0–8.0 g L −1 of agar and without activated charcoal is recommended for the optimal propagation of seeds and seedlings of these Dendrobium species.

Effects of light, agar, activated charcoal, and culture medium on the germination and early development of Dendrobium seedlings