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Humanitarian aid in the surgical sector is a young science. From before World War II until the late 1980’s, little attention was drawn to surgical missions. Throughout that entire period, efforts of international aid agencies were largely directed toward control or eradication of major infectious scourges such as malaria, typhoid, plague, and other tropical and sanitation-based public health problems. It has become evident over the last decade, however, that global epidemiologic and demographic shifts have been changing the burden of disease in all societies. Developing countries are now facing a dramatic increase in noncommunicable diseases, primarily cardiovascular disease (CVD). 2017 Statistics from the World Health Organization confirm that cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death globally, and over three quarters (82%) of those CVD deaths take place in lowand middle-income countries[1]. Like Brazil, some of these countries have pockets of excellence in surgical care, but the majority lack such care outside of main cities, amplified by a paucity of necessary equipment and/or formal training. For example, in Germany there is 1 cardiovascular surgeon per 87,000 people, in China there is 1 per 208,000, and in West Africa, there is 1 cardiac surgeon per 26.5 million people[2] (Figure 1). Thus, cardiovascular mission formats can be varied, providing preventive care, direct surgical treatment, the donation of EDITORIAL

Humanitarian Missions: a Call for Action and Impact from Cardiovascular Surgeons