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Biomarkers have emerging roles in diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment monitoring in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related central nervous system disease. Currently, it is unlikely that a single biomarker will be able to fulfill these roles; rather a combination is more likely. In this review, we use a pathogenetic framework to discuss biomarkers derived from both the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Emphasis is given to those biomarkers that have a more solid evidence base and those that are easily measurable.

A guide to interpretation of neuroimmunological biomarkers in the combined antiretroviral therapy-era of HIV central nervous system disease