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We review select aspects of the biology of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) with a focus on the modulation of inflammatory responses by MMP-2. MMP-2 is a zinc- and calcium-dependent endoprotease with substrates including extracellular matrix proteins, vasoactive peptides and chemokines. Humans and mice with MMP-2 deficiency exhibit a predominantly inflammatory phenotype. Recent research shows that MMP-2 deficient mice display elevated activity of a secreted phospholipase A 2 in the heart. Additionally, MMP-2 deficient mice exhibit abnormally high prostaglandin E 2 levels in various organs (i.e., the heart, brain and liver), signs of inflammation and exacerbated lipopolysaccharide-induced fever. We briefly review the biology of sPLA 2 enzymes to propose the existence of a heart-centric MMP-2/sPLA 2 axis of systemic inflammation. Moreover, we postulate that PLA 2 activation is induced by chemokines, whose ability to signal inflammation is regulated in a tissue-specific fashion by MMPs. Thus, genetic and pharmacologically induced MMP-deficiencies can be expected to perturb PLA 2 -mediated inflammatory mechanisms.

Emergence of a metalloproteinase/phospholipase A2 axis of systemic inflammation