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Dwyer suggested that peptide receptors evolved from self-aggregating peptides. Root-Bernstein extended Dwyer's theory to include complementary molecules. Insulin is a self-aggregating peptide. Insulin is also complementary (and therefore binds) to glucagon. We have shown previously using similarities searches that the insulin receptor (IR) has several insulin-like and several glucagon-like sequences associated with insulin-binding regions. We demonstrate here that peptides derived from these insulin- and glucagon-like regions bind insulin with up to high-nanomolar affinity, providing experimental evidence for the evolution of the IR from insulin- and glucagon-like modules. Moreover, we demonstrate that insulin itself binds glucose (and cytochalasin B), and that many of the insulin-like regions of the IR (but not the glucagon-like regions of the insulin receptor) do likewise. These data suggest the function of insulin, and of the IR in glucose regulation has been directed by chemical selection for their mutual set of molecular interactions. This model may be generalizable to the evolution of other receptor and transporter systems. The relationship between molecular structure and function within living systems may be highly constrained by selection for molecular complementarity.

Modularity in receptor evolution: insulin- and glucagon-like peptide modules as binding sites for insulin and glucose in the insulin receptor