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Adipose tissue is an extremely active organ, and plays a fundamental role in the genesis of comorbidities associated with obesity. Since the discovery of leptin, an important focus has been assigned to adipose tissue as a key organ in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. The influence on the genesis of comorbidities associated with obesity is directly related to the pattern of adipokine secretion, the bioactive molecules produced on adipose tissue. The imbalance of adipokines consequent to the expansion of adipose tissue has been implicated in the development of the low-grade chronic inflammation seen in obesity. Adipokines act in a paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine fashion, influencing cytokine and chemokine secretions and hormonal and growth factors, as well as interfering with actions of insulin and lipid and glucose metabolism. The main adipokines include leptin, adiponectin, resistin, tumor-necrosis factor, interleukin 6, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, interleukin 10, and transforming growth factor-β. The imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines on adipose tissue results in insulin resistance and the development of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. However, not all obese individuals develop these comorbidities or metabolic changes. Metabolically normal obese or metabolically healthy obese individuals have been the focus of research because of their absence of comorbidities. The profile of adipokines in adipose tissue of these individuals can be protective for the development of insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. This review emphasizes the roles of adipokines, the signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation and insulin resistance, and the profile found in metabolically healthy obese individuals.

Adipokines: biological functions and metabolically healthy obese profile