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Book DOI: 10.21467/abstracts.93 on the slope of Mount Adalla-Shukhgelmeer, in the upper Tindinskaya (Kila) river at an altitude of 2927 m above sea level. The averaged data for 1981-2010 are given for this station. There are three high-altitude weather stations on the Elbrus massif – Cheget (3040 m above sea level), Garabashi glacier (2326), Terskol (2140). For these stations, information is provided for 2019, as well as data for the adjacent territory from the Klukhor pass station (2039 m above sea level). The tables show that in the highlands in the central part of the North Caucasus at an altitude of more than 3,000 m, the average annual temperature changes significantly (in the direction of decreasing) and the amount of precipitation increases compared to the downstream stations (2362 and 2140 m above sea level). In the eastern part of the North Caucasus at an altitude of about 3000 m above sea level. the average annual temperature is slightly lower than in the central part, but the annual rainfall is much higher. For comparison, below are the data on the highlands of Dagestan for 1967 (Himmelreich, 1967), which show that for almost a fifty-year period, the average annual temperature increased by 0.4° C, while the amount of precipitation remained the same. The averaged data on the main climatic indicators of the Alpine belt of the Caucasus, collected for the period 1966-1973, are as follows: the average annual temperature is 0.3° C, the average rainfall is 930 mm. The first parameter does not give a complete description of the thermal regime in the highlands, but it characterizes the thermal conditions in which there is alpine vegetation quite well (Grebenshchikov, 1974). These data are close in modern indicators for high-altitude weather stations in Cheget and Sulak-alpine. Most of the glaciers are located on the northern slope of the Central Caucasus (55%). In general, the Greater Caucasus is characterized by small glaciers with an area of up to 1.0 km2, but there are also large glaciers with an area of more than 20 km2, there are six of them, the largest of which is Bezengi (17.6 km in length). The largest center of glaciation in the Central Caucasus is Elbrus, the total area of its glaciers is 144 km2. The main types of glaciers of the Caucasus are caravan, hanging and valley. It has been established that over the past 200 years in the high mountains of the Greater Caucasus, the size of glaciation is decreasing, namely, the area of glaciers is decreasing, and, accordingly, their number is increasing, which is associated with the decay of large glaciers into small morphological forms. (Efremov, 1988) in connection with the emerging trend of climate warming. The rivers of the study area belong to the basin of the Caspian Sea, only in the western part of the upper Kuban and its tributaries belong to the basin of the Sea of Azov. All of them in the upper reaches are mountainous, flowing in narrow and deep valleys, but flowing relatively calmly on the foothill plains. The main rivers are Sulak and Terek. The Terek begins from the glaciers of the Zilgakhokh massif in the Lateral Ridge, passing through the Lateral Ridge (Darial Gorge), the cuest ridges of the Ossetian inclined plain, takes a number of left tributaries: Gizeldon, Fiagdon, Ardon, Urukh, Cherek Balkarsky, Cherek Malaysky, Cherek Besengi, Assa, Argun, Avarskoy Koisu, Andean Koisu, Karakoysu, Samur and others. They begin in the zone of eternal snows and glaciers and divide the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus. The specificity of these rivers is determined by the participation in their nutrition of a significant proportion of melt water of eternal snows and ice, as well as seasonal snow cover, which melts in the alpine zone later than in other parts of the Greater Caucasus. High water on these rivers lasts about six months (Efremov, 1988). The observed climate warming is accompanied not only by a decrease in the total area and dissection of glaciers in the mountains, but also with a shift in the upper border of the forest, and a decrease in the area of forestsin river basins in connection with economic activity is fraught with a reductiontheir total drainage of the river network.

Climate, Modern Glaciation and River Network of the Northern Part of the Central and Eastern Caucasus