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Phylogenetic and phylogeographic approaches have become widespread in evolutionary biol- ogy, ecology, and biogeography. However, analyses that incorporate inferences from historical biogeog- raphy (e.g., timing of colonization of a region) may be essential to answer the most important large- scale questions in these fields, but they remain infrequently used. I focus on two examples here. First, I argue that un derstanding the origins of biodiversity hotspots (and other high-diversity regions) requires comparing the timing of biogeographic colonization and diversification rates among regions. In contrast, phylogeographic studies (e.g., analyses within species within a region) may themselves say little about why a region is diverse relative to others. Second, incorporating hist orical biogeograpy can help address the processes that determine community species richness and structure, such as dispersal, in-situ trait evolution, and in-situ speciation. In contrast, the widespread "community phylogenetics" approach (focusing on relatedness of species in communities) may have limited ability to explain community rich- ness and structure.

frontiers of biogeography

perspective: Why biogeography matters: historical biogeography vs. phylogeography and community phylogenetics for inferring ecological and evolutionary processes