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The paper exploits the 2009 Constitutional Amendment in Brazil that introduced compulsory high schooling of 16-17 years olds as a natural experiment to investigate the effects of high schooling on selected violent youth crime indices. Using a unique data compiled from various official sources for over 5000 Brazilian municipalities over 2000-2013, we find the following: while the Amendment was successful to lower violent youth crime rates in the overall sample, the impact was relatively small because it worked primarily through incapacitation because of compulsory schools. There is no evidence that it boosted employment prospects or returns to schooling in the treated municipalities. More importantly the Amendment fails to lower youth crime rates in the poorer municipalities where over-crowding in classes increased after the Amendment, thus deteriorating the school’s learning environment. Unlike much of the previous literature that focused on more developed countries, a key finding of our study is that good governance and learning environment is a pre-requisite for reaping the benefits of compulsory high schooling in an emerging economy; the result has important implications for other countries beyond the Brazilian border

Compulsory High Schooling, Over-Crowding and Violent Youth Crime - Evidence from a Recent Constitutional Amendment in Brazil