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This paper contributes by containing an examination of the impact of informal networks, such as personally knowing other entrepreneurs and having access to business angel investors, have upon start-up entrepreneurs in Spain. In addition, a pseudo-panel approach is used with micro data from the Spanish Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) adult population survey over the period 2006-2009. This technique overcomes limitations found when using cross-sectional data. Moreover, this includes a short review of literature using crosssectional data in order to identify how researchers used these data. Results show that informal networks are important for start-up entrepreneurs. Knowing other entrepreneurs personally and having access to angel investors have a positive relationship with start-up entrepreneurs. Also, the findings indicate that startup entrepreneurs in cohorts aged 49-58 and 59-64 do better than younger ones. Furthermore, this article highlights some implications.

Informal Networks and Start-Up Entrepreneurs in Spain: Networking Other Entrepreneurs and Angel Investors