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In this paper, we investigate the relationship between changes of eciency, income inequality and life expectancy on the one hand and  Financial support by the German Federal Pension Insurance’s Research Network on Pensions (FNA) is gratefully acknowledged. Earlier versions of the paper were presented at the IIPF conference in Warwick, at the FNA workshop “Wohlstandverteilung und gesetz- liche Rentenversicherung” and at the research seminar in Paderborn. The authors would like to thank J¨urgen Faik, Tim K¨ohler-Rama, Christian Traxler and Andreas Wagener as well as conference and seminar participants for helpful comments,and discussions. Department of Economics, University of Bremen, Hochschulring 4, 28359 Bremen, Germany, ph.: +49-421-2182765, e-mail: traub@uni-bremen.de. 1 changes of the preference for intragenerational redistribution in the pension system measured by the Bismarckian factor. The empirical analysis is done for a sample of 20 OECD countries using LIS mi- crodata for the time period 1985-2000. A supplementary laboratory experiment confirms the causal relationships identified in the empirical analysis. JEL classification: H53, H55, J18, C92, D63 Keywords: earnings-related and flat-rate benefits, Beveridge vs. Bis- marck, pension reform, relative deprivation, OECD countries, experiments

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