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Hydrogen-rich and water-rich fluids exert different control on dissolution mechanism of oxide and silicate minerals in the Earth’s interior. With Mgsilicate- H 2  fluids, dissolution tends to be incongruent with the (Mg/Si) fluid  &lt; (Mg/Si) Mg-silicate  with formation of SiOH and SiH 4  complexes in the fluid (Shinozaki et al. 2013, 2014). In contrast, in Mg-silicate-H 2 O systems, Mg-silicate minerals in the mantle (pyroxene and forsterite) dissolve stoichiometrically (congruently) in aqueous fluids to at least 10 GPa pressure. Metasomatic alteration by H 2 -rich fluids enriches, therefore, the mantle in SiO 2  compared with alteration by H2O fluid. This difference becomes increasingly important with mantle depth because the environment becomes more reducing, which results in an increase of H 2 /H 2 O fluids (Shinozaki et al. 2014, this issue). Chemical gradients with depth of the Earth could be affected by increased H 2 /H 2 O of mantle fluids whereby Mg/Si ratios, for example, will become variable. Silicate-H 2  alteration processes likely also played major roles during the early, core-forming stages of the Earth. Such a process could be responsible for Mg/Si changes in the early silicate Earth.

An alternative to alteration and melting processes in the Earth: Reaction between hydrogen (H2) and oxide components in the Earth in space and time