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Chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) and bornite (Cu 5 FeS 4 ) are the most abundant Cu-bearing minerals in hydrothermal Cu deposits, forming under a wide range of conditions from moderate-temperature sedimentary exhalative deposits to high-temperature porphyry Cu and skarn deposits. We report the hydrothermal synthesis of both chalcopyrite and bornite at 200-300 °C under hydrothermal conditions. Both minerals formed via the sulfidation of hematite in solutions containing Cu(I) (as a chloride complex) and hydrosulfide, at pH near the pK a  of H 2 S(aq) over the whole temperature range. Polycrystalline chalcopyrite formed first, followed by bornite.

Experimental study of the formation of chalcopyrite and bornite via the sulfidation of hematite: Mineral replacements with a large volume increase