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Cerium L 3  absorption edge (L 3 -edge) X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra were obtained from ~7 × 5 μm areas on green titanite and brown titanite (both with total Ce ~ 0.6 wt%) using the X-ray microprobe at the Pacific Northwest Consortium-X-ray Science Division (PNC-XSD) Insertion Device (ID) line of the Advanced Photon Source (APS). Using a wavelength-dispersive X-ray (WDX) fluorescence detector with a bent LiF (220) crystal monochromator (E/ΔE ~ 1000), we have overcome the challenge of having to measure trace amounts of Ce in a Ti-rich sample of which the energy of the fluorescence X-rays from Ce L 3 -edge and Ti K-edge excitation cannot be resolved with solid-state detectors. We show that both Ce 3+  and Ce 4+  are present in our titanite samples by examining the Ce L 3 -edge XANES spectra.

american mineralogist

Microbeam X-ray analysis of Ce 3+ /Ce 4+  in Ti-rich minerals: A case study with titanite (sphene) with implications for multivalent trace element substitution in minerals