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Thermodynamic calculations of ion-exchange reactions were applied for clinoptilolite in a natural state and after irradiation with three doses of β-radiation (10 12 , 10 15 , 3 × 10 16  e/cm 2 ) and γ-radiation (70 Mrad). Samples were equilibrated with binary systems of K +  ↔ Na +  and Cs +  ↔ Na +  at 25° and a total normality of 0.025 N. Selectivity for K was not affected after β-radiation with doses of 1012 and 1015 e/cm 2  (ΔG° = -6.37 kJ/equiv, lnKα = 2.58 for the original clinoptilolite), whereas it increased considerably after 70 Mrad of γ-radiation (ΔG° = -7.88 kJ/equiv, lnKα = 3.18). Selectivity for Cs +  increased for the clinoptilolite irradiated with β-radiation (10 12 , 10 15 , 3 × 10 16  e/cm 2 ) and γ-radiation (70 Mrad). ΔG° and lnKα for original sample and Cs +  ↔ Na +  were -7.33 kJ/equiv and 2.96, respectively. Irradiated samples with β-radiation 10 12 , 10 15 , 3 × 10 16  e/cm 2  and 70 Mrad γ-radiation yielded ΔG° and lnKα -7.41, -8.83, -8.60, -8.25 kJ/equiv and 2.99, 3.57, 3.47, 3.33 for Cs +  ↔ Na + , respectively. Remarkable amorphization of clinoptilolite was observed after exposure at the highest dose of β-radiation (3 × 10 16  e/cm 2 ) with a concomitant decrease in cation-exchange capacity (CEC). Crystallographic parameters and especially exchangeable cation site coordinates were refined for all samples with the Rietveld method. Cesium-saturated samples exhibited changes in the cation sites Cs 2  and Cs 3 , which are next to clinoptilolite channel walls with lower Al 3+  for Si 4+  substitution. The observed changes include a shift in cation sites Cs2 and Cs3 toward channel walls and occupancy decrease in site Cs2.

Ion exchange equilibrium and structural changes in clinoptilolite irradiated with β- and γ-radiation: Monovalent cations