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Initial excess protactinium ( 231 Pa) is a frequently suspected source of discordance in baddeleyite (ZrO 2 ) geochronology, which limits accurate U/Pb dating, but such excesses have never been directly demonstrated. In this study, Pa incorporation in late Holocene baddeleyite from Somma-Vesuvius (Campanian Volcanic Province, central Italy) and Laacher See (East Eifel Volcanic Field, western Germany) was quantified by U-Th-Pa measurements using a large-geometry ion microprobe. Bad-deleyite crystals isolated from subvolcanic syenites have average U concentrations of ~200 ppm and are largely stoichiometric with minor abundances of Nb, Hf, Ti, and Fe up to a few weight percent. Measured ( 231 Pa)/( 235 U) activity ratios are significantly above the secular equilibrium value of unity and range from 3.4(8) to 14.9(2.6) in Vesuvius baddeleyite and from 3.6(9) to 8.9(1.4) in Laacher See baddeleyite (values within parentheses represent uncertainties in the last significant figures reported as 1σ throughout the text). Crystallization ages of 5.12(56) ka (Vesuvius; MSWD = 0.96, n = 12) and 15.6(2.0) ka (Laacher See; MSWD = 0.91, n = 10) were obtained from ( 230 Th)/( 238 U) disequilibria for the same crystals, which are close to the respective eruption ages. Applying a corresponding age correction indicates average initial ( 231 Pa)/( 235 U) 0  of 8.8(1.0) (Vesuvius) and 7.9(5) (Laacher See). For reasonable melt activities, model baddeleyite-melt distribution coefficients of  D  Pa / D  U  = 5.8(2) and 4.1(2) are obtained for Vesuvius and Laacher See, respectively. Speciation-dependent (Pa 4+  vs. Pa 5+ ) partitioning coefficients ( D  values) from crystal lattice strain models for tetra- and pentavalent proxy ions significantly exceed  D  Pa / D  U  inferred from direct analysis of  231 Pa for Pa 5+ . This is consistent with predominantly reduced Pa 4+  in the melt, for which  D  values similar to U 4+  are expected. Contrary to common assumptions, baddeleyite-crystallizing melts from Vesuvius and Laacher See appear to be dominated by Pa 4+  rather than Pa 5+ . An initial disequilibrium correction for baddeleyite geochronology using  D  Pa / D  U  = 5 ± 1 is recommended for oxidized phonolitic melt compositions.

Quantification of excess 231 Pa in late Quaternary igneous baddeleyite