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Minor amounts of markedly Cl-rich amphibole and biotite are found in the Archean (2.8–2.9 Ga) iron-formation lithologies from the eastern Beartooth Mountains, Montana, U.S.A. These rocks are typified by mineral assemblages of quartz + magnetite + orthopyroxene + garnet ± clinopyroxene ± plagioclase having equilibrated during granulite facies conditions of ~775–800 °C and 6–8 kbar. The metamorphic Cl-rich amphibole and biotite are prograde and occur as inclusions in orthopyroxene and garnet as well as in the matrix. The high-grade Fe-rich amphiboles (mostly Cl-rich potassic-hastingsite and magnesio-ferri-hornblende) and biotites contain concentrations of Cl reaching up to 2.9 and 3.4 wt%, respectively. Biotites contain up to 10.5 wt% BaO and 6.9 wt% TiO 2 . Substitution of Cl into amphibole and biotite is more likely where Cl-bearing anion sites are enlarged. In amphibole threshold values of the X Fe 2+  ,  A K, and  T Al appear to be a precondition before significant amounts of Cl are incorporated into the structure. In biotite, in addition to X Fe 2+  , substitution of  T Al also is positively correlated with Cl. The high Cl content in the minerals is suggestive of a coexisting high salinity aqueous fluid. Based on calculations using mineral chemistry, estimations of the aqueous fluid composition indicate a Cl-rich aqueous fluid (~25 wt% NaCl)with  f  H 2 O / f  HCl  ratios of ~0.68–0.82. There is evidence for brine-CO 2  immiscibility during peak metamorphism. In amphibole once the threshold values for significant Cl incorporation are attained, the Fe 2+ -Mg partitioning of the amphibole and the coexisting mafic silicates changes such that the amphibole more favorably partitions Fe 2+ . A feedback mechanism can be generated such that the more Cl available from a fluid the more Fe 2+ -rich the amphibole can become, and this produces a crystal structure that can accommodate more Cl, which makes this amphibole more favorable for Fe 2+ incorporation, and the cycle continues until Cl saturation in the crystal structures is reached or aqueous Cl – is fully equilibrated with the amphibole.

Chlorine incorporation into amphibole and biotite in high-grade iron-formations: Interplay between crystallography and metamorphic fluids