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We report studies of recently precipitated terrestrial Mn oxides from Pinal Creek (Arizona, U.S.A.) and from Yuno-Taki Falls (Hokkaido, Japan). In addition to chemical analysis [by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and proton induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE)], the following methods were used: X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), contraction and expansion tests, thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) was applied in a few cases, but only on synthetic samples. The most useful methods for characterizing the 10 Å Mn minerals were XRD, contraction test, and DSC. Mössbauer spectroscopy was a very useful complementary method to XRD for differentiation of the poorly crystalline Fe compounds. IR spectroscopy was found not to be very useful in distinguishing buserite and birnessite, but a distinct pattern was observed for todorokite. For heterogeneous deposits composed of many minerals, IR was not useful without separation of phases.

american mineralogist

Characterization of Mn oxides in cemented streambed crusts from Pinal Creek, Arizona, U.S.A., and in hot-spring deposits from Yuno-Taki Falls, Hokkaido, Japan